इंदिरा गांधी शांति पुरस्कार

इंदिरा गाँधी शांति पुरस्कार भारत की पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी की याद में दिया जाता है। १९८४ में उनकी हत्या कर दी गई थी। उनकी स्मृति में स्थापित ‘इंदिरा गांधी मेमोरिल ट्रस्ट’ द्वारा वर्ष १९८६ से ‘इंदिरा गांधी शांति, निरस्त्रीकरण और विकास पुरस्कार’ प्रति वर्ष विश्व के किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को प्रदान किया जाता है जिसने समाज सेवा, निरस्त्रीकरण या विकास के कार्य में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान किया हो। इस पुरस्कार के अंतर्गत २५ लाख रुपए नकद, एक ट्रॉफी और प्रशस्तिपत्र प्रदान किया जाता है।

वर्ष	पुरस्कृत व्यक्ति	चित्र	जन्म / मृत्यु	देश	विवरण
1986[1]	पार्लामेंटेरिअंस फार ग्लोबल ऐक्शन	–	स्था. १९७८	- -	इंटरनेशनल ऑरगेनाइजेशन आफ पार्लामेंटेरिअंस

List of female Indian Chief Ministers:

1. Sucheta Kriplani(INC)—U.P. —2 October 1963 – 13 March 1967

2. Nandini Satpathy(INC)— Orissa—14 June 1972 – 3 March 1973, 6 March 1974 – 16 December 1976

3. Shashikala Kakodkar(MGP)–Goa-12 August 1973 – 27 April 1979

4. Syeda Anwara Taimur(INC)—Assam— 6 December 1980 – 30 June 1981

5. Janaki Ramachandran(AIADMK) —Tamil Nadu —7–30 January 1988

6. J. Jayalalithaa — Tamil Nadu—24 June 1991 – 12 May 1996, 14 May 2001 – 21 September 2001, 2 March 2002 – 12 May 2006, 16 May 2011 – present

7. Mayawati(BSP) — U.P. —13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995, 21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997,3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003, 13 May 2007 – 7 March 2012

8. Rajinder Kaur Bhattal(INC)—Punjab—21 January 1996 – 12 February 1997

9. Rabri Devi(RJD) —Bihar—25 July 1997 – 11 February 1999, 9 March 1999 – 2 March 2000, 11 March 2000 – 6 March 2005

10. Sushma Swaraj(BJP) —Delhi—13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998

11. Shila Dixit (INC) 1998 –8 Dec 2013

12. Uma Bharati(BJP)—M.P. — 8 December 2003 – 23 August 2004

13. Vasundhara Raje(BJP)—Rajasthan—8 December 2003 – 11 December 2008

14. Mamata Banerjee(TMC) —West Bengal—20 May 2011 – present

Important River Valley Project

Bhakra Nangal Project

It is on Sutlaj river in Punjab. It is dam highest in India with a height of 226 meter. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake.

Mandi Project

On Beas in Himachal Pradesh.

Chambal Valley Project

On Chambal river in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Three dams are there:

• Gandhi Sagar Dam
• Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
• Jawahar Sagar Dam

Damodar Valley Project

On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.

Hirakud Project

On Mahanadi in Odisha. World’s longest dam: 4801 meter.

Rihand Project

On Son in Mirzapur. Reservoir is called Goind Vallabh Pant reservoir.

Kosi Project

On Kosi river in North Bihar.

Mayurakshi Project

On Mayurakshi river in West Bengal

Kakrapara Project

On Tapi in Gujarat

Nizamsagar Project

On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh

Nagarjunasagar Project

On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh

Tungabhadra Project

On Tungabhadra river in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

Shivsamudram Project

On Cauvery in Karnatka. It is the oldest river valley project of India (1902).

Tata Hydel Scheme

On Bhima in Maharashtra.

Sharavathi Hydel Project

On Jog Falls in Karnataka.

Kundah and Periyar Project

In Tamil Nadu

Farakka Project

On Ganga in West Bengal. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation.

Ukai Project

On Tapi in Gajarat.

Mahi Project

On Mahi in Gujarat.

Salal Project

On Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir.

Mata Tilla Multipurpose Project

On Betwa river in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Thein Project

On Ravi river in Punjab.

Pong Dam

On Beas river in Punjab.

Tehri Project

On Bhagirthi river in Uttarakhand

Sardar Sarovar Project

On Narmada river in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Interesting facts

• ब्रह्माण्ड में 100 अरब आकाश गंगाएँ हैं।

• वैज्ञानिक जानकारी के अनुसार पृथ्वी का जन्म 4.56 अरब वर्ष पहले हुआ था।

• सूर्य से पृथ्वी तक आने में प्रकाश को 8 मिनट 17 सेकंड लगते हैं।

• प्रकाश की गति 186,000 मील प्रति सेकंड है।

• पृथ्वी अपनी धुरी पर 1000 मील प्रति घण्टे की गति से घूमती है और अन्तरिक्ष में 67,000 मील प्रति घण्टे की गति से चक्कर लगाती है।

• प्रतिवर्ष दस लाख भूकंप पृथ्वी को कँपाते हैं।

• अब तक गिरे ओलों में सबसे बड़े ओले, जो कि बांग्लादेश में सन् 1986 में गिरा था, का वजन 1 किलो था।

• गाज गिरने के कारण प्रतिवर्ष लगभग 1000 लोग मरते हैं।

• DNA की खोज Swiss Friedrich Mieschler ने सन् 1869 में की थी।

INDIAN BATTLE

Name of the Battle	Year	Importance
1st battle of Tarain	1191	Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori
2nd battle of Tarain	1192	Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan
1st battle of Panipat	1526	Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of Khanwa	1527	Babur defeated Rana Sunga further strengthening his foothold in India.
Battle of Ghaghra	1529	Babur defeated Mahmud Lodi and Sultan Nusrat Shah thus establishing Mughal rule in India.
2nd battle of Panipat	1556	Akbar defeated Hemu
3rd battle of Panipat	1761	Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas
Battle of Talikota	1565	Deccan Sultanates defeated the glorious Vijayanagar empire
Battle of Haldighati	1576	Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of Mughal Army and Rana Pratap of Mewar.
Battle of Plassey	1757	British defeated Siraj-ud-duala with the help of Mir Zafar. This battle laid the foundation of British empire in India.
Battle of Wandiwash	1760	British decisively defeated the French in India. The Seven years war (1756 – 1763) between the British and the French in Europe ran parallel to this war. 3 Carnatic wars were fought between the British and the French and this battle was a part of the 3rd Carnatic War.
Battle of Buxar	1764	British defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-duala (Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam II(Mughal emperor). This completed the work began by the battle of Plassey.
Battle of Samugarh	1658	Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh.
Battle of Karnal	1739	Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.